MANDATE AND ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COUNCIL:
A PAKISTANI PERSPECTIVE
By:
*AHSAN
YOUSAF CHAUDHARY
ABSTRACT
Established under the UN Charter, Economic and Social Council is one of
the sixth vital organs of the United Nations. It primarily deals with the
social, economic and cultural challenges the contemporary world happens to
confront with from time to time. The relationship of
I. INTRODUCTION:
Despite innumerable advances on many fronts, gross social and economic
inequalities continue to characterize the globalised world. Alleviation of
poverty, universal primary education, global public health, climate change,
gender inequality, humanitarian emergencies, post-conflict peace-building and
global food crises are some of the major challenges the Economic and Social
Council is confronted with today. Established under UN Charter[1] as
one of the sixth principal organs[2] of
the United Nations[3],
Economic and Social Council, primarily exists; to promote higher standards of
living, full employment, economic and social progress; solutions to
international economic, social and health problems; facilitate international
cultural and educational cooperation; and to encourage universal respect for
and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.[4]
The Economic and Social Council is one of the three principal Councils of the
United Nations, the other two being the Security Council and the Trusteeship
Council. [5]
The Council consists of fifty four member governments[6]
elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three years term. [7]
The Council closely coordinates with UN Specialized Agencies,[8]
Functional Commissions,[9]
Regional Commissions, [10]
Standing Committees, [11] Expert
Bodies of governmental experts, [12]
and private experts, [13] ad hoc
bodies[14]
and miscellaneous bodies. [15] It also
receives reports from 11 UN funds and Programs. It is also the central forum
for discussing international Social and Economic issues and for formulating the
policy recommendations. [16]
II MANDATE
OF THE ECOSOC:
The ECOSOC is empowered to make or initiate
studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural,
educational, health, and related matters and recommends such matters to the
General Assembly, Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized
agencies concerned. [17] It
makes recommendations for promoting respect for, and observance of, human
rights and fundamental freedoms for all.[18] It
also prepares draft conventions[19]
and calls international conferences. [20]
The
ECOSOC can enter into agreements[21]
with any of the agencies, co-ordinate the activities[22]
and obtain regular reports from the specialized agencies. [23]
It coordinates with the Security Council, [24]
sets up commissions in Economic and Social fields and for the promotion of
Human rights. [25] The
ECOSOC can invite any member of the United Nations, [26]
representative of the Specialized Agencies[27] to
participate in its deliberations. It can also consult the Non-Governmental
Organizations, both national and International, over matters it deems
appropriate. [28] The
Council is sovereign in adopting its rules of procedure and method of selection
of president. [29]
III SPECIALISED AGENCIES:
The specialized Agencies are the Inter-Governmental bodies constituted
much like the United Nations itself — each with its own Charter, governing
body, budget and offices. Moreover, the membership of the United Nations and
the Specialized Agencies does not coincide. The relationship between the United
Nations and the Specialized Agencies is rather fluid, though the United Nations
has entered into an agreement with each agency separately. [30]
Chronologically, the brief account of the each agency is furnished below:
1 The International Telecommunication
Headquartered at
2 The Universal Postal
Established in 1874, the Universal Postal Union (UPU),[32]
with its headquarters in the Swiss capital
3 The International Labor Organization (ILO):
Established in 1919 in the wake of
destructive WW I and headquartered at
4 The Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO):
With its slogan "for a world without
hunger" Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)[34]
was established at
5 The International Monetary Fund (IMF):
Established in 1945, The International
Monetary Fund (IMF)[35]
is a Washington headquartered organization, working to foster global monetary
cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade,
promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and to reduce poverty
around the world.[36]
6 World Bank:
Established in 1945 with its Headquarters in
7 The United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
Established in 1945, United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)[38]
headquarters in Paris with stated goals to contribute to peace and security by
promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture
in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the
human rights along with fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter.
8 The International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO):
Established in 1947, ICAO[39]
is the only organization to be based in
9 The World Health Organization (WHO):
Established in 1948 with its Headquarters in
10 The World Meteorological Organization
(WMO):
Established in 1950, headquartered at
11 World Trade Organization
(WTO):
Established on Jan. l, 1995 and headquartered at
IV FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS:
The Economic and Social council, given it mandate, extends 70 percent
of Human and financial resource of the entire United Nations system. It has
nine Functional commissions which operate within its jurisdiction to ensure
efficient functioning. A terse introduction of each is provided hereunder:
1 STATISTICAL COMMISSION:
Supervised by UN Statistical Commission as the apex entity of the
global statistical system, the Statistics Division of the ECOSOC is committed
to the advancement of the global statistical system. It compiles and
disseminates global statistical information, develops standards and norms for
statistical activities, and supports countries' efforts to strengthen their
national statistical systems.
2 COMMISSION ON
POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT: [44]
Composed of 47 Member States elected for a period of four years on the
basis of geographic distribution, the functional commission assists, advises
the Council, monitors, reviews and assesses the implementation of the Programme
of Action at the national, regional and international levels. The Commission
arranges studies on: Population issues and trends, developmental policies,
strategies and programmes vis-a-vis population assistance to developing
countries and to countries with economies in transition.
3 COMMISSION FOR SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT:
Consisting of 46 members,[45]
the Commission is the key UN body in charge of the follow up and implementation
of the Copenhagen Declaration and Program of Action. [46] It,
besides preparing reports arranging workshops, conferences and seminars,
coordinates with Non-Governmental and Civil Society Organizations.
4 COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN:
Forty-five
Member States[47]
Commission on the Status of Women is dedicated exclusively to gender equality
and advancement of women. It is the principal global policy-making body. Every
year, it evaluates progress on gender equality, identifies challenges, sets
global standards and formulates concrete policies to promote gender equality
and advancement of women worldwide. The Commission also makes recommendations
to the ECOSOC on urgent problems requiring immediate attention in the field of
women's rights.
5 COMMISSION ON NARCOTIC DRUGS(CND):
The
Commission on Narcotics and Drugs is on of the most important functional
Commissions of the ECOSOC dedicated in the eradication of Corruption, Drug
prevention treatment and Care, fatal diseases like AIDS, heinous crimes like
Human Trafficking and migrant smuggling, criminal Justice, Prison reforms and
Crime Prevention, Money Laundering, Organized Crime, Piracy and Terrorism
prevention.
6 COMMISSION ON CRIME PREVENTION AND
CRIMINAL JUSTICE (CCPCJ): [48]
Composed
of 40 members, the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice is the
landmark contribution of the ECOSOC to the global criminal administration of
justice. It works to prevent heinous crimes like Human Trafficking and migrant
smuggling, criminal Justice. It has been instrumental in Prison reforms and
Crime Prevention, Money Laundering, Organized Crime, Piracy and Terrorism prevention. [49]
7 COMMISSION ON SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT (CSTD):
Established in 1992, the Commission[50]
exists to provide the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council with
high-level advice on relevant issues through analysis and appropriate policy
recommendations or options in order to enable those organs to guide the future
work of the United Nations, develop common policies and agree on appropriate
actions. The Commission is also mandated to assist the Economic and Social
Council in the system-wide follow-up to the World Summit on the Information
Society.
8 COMMISSION ON
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
The Commission for Sustainable Development (CSD) provides leadership
and is an authoritative source of expertise within the ECOSOC. It promotes
sustainable development through technical cooperation and capacity building at
international, regional and national levels.[51]
9 UNITED NATIONS FORUM ON
FORESTS:
United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)[52]
is the functional commission of the ECOSOC with the mandate of management,
conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests and to
strengthen long-term political commitment to this end... [53]
V REGIONAL COMMISSIONS
1 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR
Established in 1958, as one of the ECOSOC's five regional commissions,
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)[54]
is fully mandated to promote the economic and social development of its member
States, foster intra-regional integration, achieve the MDGs with special
emphasis on poverty reduction, sustainable development, good governance and
promote international cooperation for
2 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COMMISSION FOR
Established in 1947, The Economic and Social Commission for
3 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR
Set up as one of the five regional
commissions in 1947, The ECOSOC's Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)[58]
primarily aims at promoting pan-European economic integration by promoting
economic cooperation enhancing energy, environment, housing and land
management, gender, population, statistics, trade, and transport.
4 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR
LATIN AMERICA AND THE
Established in 1948, Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean (ECLAC)[59]
was founded with the purpose of contributing to the economic development of
5 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION
FOR
Established in 1985 with its headquarters at Beirut, Economic and
Social Commission for Western Asia (ECWA),[60]
exists to support, economic and social development promote cooperation between
the countries of region and encourage interaction to achieve regional
integration.
VI ROLE IN
Being one of the important members of the ECOSOC[61] -
often elected[62] and
served as president of the Council, [63]
VII ANALYSIS:
Since its post-independence membership, Pakistan has strongly adhered
to the objectives of the UN Charter and been a major contributor in
accomplishing the United Nations mission of global peace and security, [76]
Social and economic development and respect for human dignity and fundamental
freedoms. [77] In return,
the Economic and Social Council, as one of the central arms of the United
Nations has undertaken a great deal of projects — in the state of Pakistan — in
areas of Social, economic and cultural importance. Being one of the biggest
organs with seventy percent of the UN's human resource and finance, Economic
and Social Council has successfully accomplished 65 arduous years of its global
engagement while staying a puissant source of hope and inspiration for the
oppressed and needy worldwide. It serves as powerful glue to bind together the national.
Governments, specialized agencies, non-Governmental organizations, civil
society and private individuals across the globe. Amid sever criticism,
flagrant scandals and grossly alleged inefficiency of the ECOSOC on some
fronts, there are no two opinions as to the quantum of laurels it has brought
to the world in general and
*. The writer
is an LLM student at
[1] UN Charter, San Francisco Signed, June
26, 1945, ratified on Oct. 24, 1945, Chapter X, arts. 61-72.
[2] Ibid, Chapter III, art. 7 (1)
[3] A world later-governmental Organization
with 192 members; for further details, See the official website of the
organization, www.un.org
[4] Supra Note 1, Chapter IX, Art. 55.
[5] W. Arthur Lewis, 'THE ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL COUNCIL" The United Nations the First Ten Years, B.A. Wortley p.35.
[6] Initially the ECOSOC consisted of 18
members who were increased to 27 in 1965, following an amendment in Article 61
of the UN Charter. It was further increased to 54 members in 1973.
[7] According to Article 61 (2) of the UN
Charter; "Eighteen members of the Economic and Social Council shall be
elected each year for a term of three years. A retiring member shall be
eligible for immediate re-election."; Seats on the Council are allotted
based on geographical representation with fourteen allocated to African States,
eleven to Asian States, six to Eastern European States, ten to Latin American
and Caribbean States, and thirteen to Western European and other States.
[8] Supra Note 1, Chapter IX, Art. 57,
ECOSOC closely liaisons with 14 Specialized Agencies at present; see post
SPECIALIZED AGENCIES.
[9] Currently there are 9 Functional
commissions under the supervision of ECOSOC; see post FUNCTIONAL COMMISSIONS;
For further details, visit http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/subsidiary-shtml
[10] The role of the regional commissions is
extremely significant in the functioning of the ECOSOC. They are region
specific commissions dedicated to regional economic and social advancement; see
post the REGIONAL COMMISSIONS.
[11] There are three Standing Committees, Viz.
Committee on Negotiations with Intergovernmental Agencies, Committee on
Non-Governmental Organisations & Committee for Program and Coordination.
[12] There are four expert bodies composed of
Governmental Experts, i.e. Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous
Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of
Chemicals, United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names &
Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Standards of
Accounting and Reporting.
[13] Five bodies Currently are in existence,
namely; Committee for Development Policy, Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights, Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax
Matters, Committee of Experts on Public Administration & Permanent Forum on
Indigenous Issues.
[14] Presently there is Ad hoc Open-ended
Working Group on Informatics.
[15] There are four other bodies which
undertake to perform miscellaneous functions under ECOSOC. These are as
follows: Executive Board of the International Research and Training Institute
for the Advancement of Women, International Narcotics Control Board, Committee
for the United Nations Population Award & Program Coordinating Board of the
Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS.
[16] UN, United Nations Today, Department of
Public Information, p. 151
[17] See supra note 1, Chapter X, Art. 62 (1).
[18] Ibid, Art. 62(2)
[19] Ibid, Art. 62(3)
[20] Ibid, Art. 62(4)
[21] Ibid, Art. 63(1)
[22] Ibid, Art 63(2)
[23] Ibid, Art. 64(1)
[24] Ibid Art. 65
[25] Ibid, Art. 68
[26] Ibid, Art. 69
[27] Ibid, Art. 70
[28] Ibid, Art. 71
[29] Ibid, Art. 72
[30] See e.g. Repertory of Practice of United
Nations Organs, Vol. III p.343 et seq.
[31] ITU is composed of 192 member Countries
and more than 700 Sector members and Associates for further insight into slogan
"Connecting the World", functions, hierarchy & current status of
ITU visit, http://www.itu.int/en/pages/default.aspx
[32] As of 2010, the Organization has 191
Member Countries; for further information resort to official website of UPU at http://www.upu.int/
[33] As of 2010, the ILO has 183 member
Countries. For details on purposes and objectives of the ILO, see the original
text of preamble to the ILO Constitution, 1919 with latest amendment in 1972;
particularly see the Philadelphia Declaration May 10, 1944; for further details
see, http://www.ilo.org/global/lang-en/index.htm
[34] All the members of United Nations, i.e.
192 & 1 Associate member (
[35] Also known as "Fund" was
created through Articles of Agreement adopted at United Nations Monetary and
financial conference, Breton Woods,
[36] Ibid, Art. 1, Articles of Agreement 1945.
[37] Ibid, WB differ with World Bank Group; the
former comprises only two institutions i.e. the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) & the International Development
Association (IDA), whereas the latter incorporates these two in addition to
three more: International Finance Corporation (IFC), Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA), & International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID). As 2010, WB has 187 member countries, see for more
information on the subject by visiting, www.worldbank.org
[38] UNESCO is the Successor of the
[39] Established under Chicago Conference 1944,
to secure international co-operation a highest possible degree of uniformity in
regulations and standards, procedures and organization regarding civil aviation
matters, the commission is a significant milestone in the field of aviation.
For more details see official website of ICAO, http://www.icao.int/
[40] Preamble of the
[41] As of Dec.2010, WHO consists of 193
Member countries; also see the official website for comprehensive
understanding, http://www.who.int/en/
[42] Formerly it was International
Meteorological Organisation (IMO), which was founded in 1873; till Dec.4, 2009
it has 189 member states and territories; it joined UN as specialized Agency in
1951. For further details see, http:// www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html
[43] Originated from a series of rounds particularly
the
[44] Under ECOSOC Res. 3(III), October 3, 1946,
it was named as "Population Commission"; later in Dec. 19, 1994,
Under UN.G.A Res. 49/128 it was renamed as "Commission on Population and
Development"; it has met every two or three years until 1994, after which
it meets once in a year. Visit for further insight the official website of the
commission, http://www.un.org/esa/population/cpd/aboutcom.htm
[45] In view of World Summit for Social
Development in
[46] See e.g. the World Summit for Social
Development in
[47] The members are elected by ECOSOC on the
basis of equitable geographical distribution.
[48] Came into existence from a Ministerial
meeting at Versailles in 1991; It was preceded by a more technically focused
Committee on Crime Prevention and Control, formed in 1971 to replace an earlier
expert advisory committee.
[49] ECOSOC Res. 1992/1 & 1992/22
[50] The Commission met for the first time in
April 1993 in
[51] Agenda 21, the
[52] Established through ECOSOC Res. 2000/35,
Oct. 2000; it has universal membership of all UN and Specialized Agencies
members. See for further information, http://www.un.org/esa/forests/about.html
[53] Rio Declaration, "the Forest
Principles" Chapter 11, Agenda 21; IPF/IFF Processes; and other key
milestones of international forest policy
[54] 26 member commission , inter alia;
promotes regional integration in support of African Union (AU) Vision and
priorities, aims to provide significant technical support to the African Peer
Review Mechanism (APRM). It is further assisted by five Sub-Regional Offices
(SROs) each taking the lead in its respective sub-region; the sub-regional
activities, particularly emphasis on advisory services and technical assistance
aimed at capacity building of the Regional Economic Communities (RECs)
to implement their agendas and, particularly, to promote regional integration;
for further insight into the recent activities and accomplishments see,
http://www.uneca.org/
[55] These RECs include; The Arab Maghreb Union
(AMU), The Southern African Development Community (SADC), The Common Market for
Eastern and Southern Africa (C0MESA), The East African Community (EAC), The
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), The Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS), The Central African Economic and Monetary
Community (CEMAC), The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS),
& the West African Economic and Monetary (UEMOA).
[56] Headquartered at Bangkok Thailand, with 62
members, ESCAP closely liaisons with Regional Institutions namely; The Asian
and Pacific Centre for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery (APCAEM), Asian
and Pacific Training for Information and Communication Technology for
Development(APCICIT), Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology
(APCTT), Centre for Alleviation of Poverty through Secondary Crops Development
in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA) & United Nations Statistical Institute for
Asia and Pacific(SlAP); it has proven record of accomplishments i.e. the
establishment of the Asian Development Bank (1966), Mekong River Commission
(1995) & Asia-Pacific Centre for Agricultural Machinery (2002); see for
more information the website of ESCAP, www.unescap.org
[57] Asian Development Bank (ADB), Association
of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO),
Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), Council of Regional Organisations
for the Pacific (CROP), Asian Clearing Union (ACU), South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation(SAARC) & Mekong River Commission (MRC).
[58] The commission consists of 56 member
states, drawn from European Union, non-EU, Western and Eastern Europe,
[59] Earlier it was The Economic Commission for
Latin America (ECLA) established through ECOSOC Res. 106(VI) Feb.25, 1948; by
Res.1984/67 July 27, 1984, the scope of the Commission's work was broadened to
include the countries of the Caribbean and similarly was named as Economic
Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); it is Headquartered at
Santiago, Chile, since its establishment; in June 1951, the Commission
established the ECLAC sub-regional headquarters in Mexico City, which serves
the needs of the Central American sub-region, and in December 1966, the ECLAC
sub-regional headquarters for the Caribbean was founded in Port-of-Spain,
Trinidad and Tobago. For further information visit, www.eclac.org
[60]. Under ECOSOC Res.1818 (LV), the Commission
is the successor to the United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut
(UNESOB); the commission comprises 14 Arab Countries in Western Asia; the
commission has been on constant move from Beirut to Baghdad, Amman and finally
to its Original Headquarters in Beirut in 1997; it collaborates with UN
Specialized Agencies, international and regional organizations, including the
League of Arab States, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, and the Gulf
Cooperation Council. For further details see, www.escwa.un.org
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64] In collaboration with local and
international NGOs and through specific funds and programs, like Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), the ECOSOC has undertaken many projects of poverty
reduction in
[65] In pursuance to CEDAW, ratified in Feb.
1996,
[66] The World Bank, the IMF & the Asian
Development Bank are helping Pakistan meet her balance of payments and
financial deficits; currently Pakistan is receiving $ 451 Million IMF Emergency
Assistance in the aftermath of Floods.
[67] ECOSOC helps through United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) & United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDF) etc. the
latter is administered by the Secretary General and is given to the Civil
Society Organizations working in the fields of Community development, Rule of
law and human rights, Tools for democratization, Women, Youth and Media. So far
following civil society organizations In Pakistan have received funding under
UNDF; Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency (PILDAT),
Aasthan Latif Welfare Society and Citizens Commission for Human Development
(CCHD). For further insight into projects and fund recipients visit the
official website of the UNDEF at http://www.un.org/democracyfund/
worldwide_ASIA_projects.html
[68] UNHCR has played a significant role in the
IDPs crisis and has helped them settle.; See further fact sheet & Year in review
2009 of UNHRC Pakistan, also visit, http://www.unhcr.org.pk/
[69] UNHCR has helped repatriate the Afghan
refugees living in
[70] Out of 18 million people affected by
floods, UNHCR assisted .45 million with tents and other necessary household
items; see ibid; also visit, http://www.unhcr.org.pk/ ; Also the UN portal has
established "One Leader", a United Nations Country Team (UNCT)
comprising of UN agencies, Programs and Funds coordinated by the Resident
Coordinator (RC) that lead the One UN by consensus. To ensure cohesion and
integration in the post-flood humanitarian crises in
[71] See education in MDGs
[72] The Government of Pakistan so far, has
ratified Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1948, ratified in October 1957, International Convention on the Elimination of
all forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) 1966, ratified in September 1966,
International Convention on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ISESCR) 1966,
ratified in April 2008, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(ICCPR) 1966, ratified in June 2010, Convention on the Elimination of All forms
of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 1979, ratified in March 1996,
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (UNCAT) 1984,ratified in June 2010 and Convention on the Rights of
Child (CRC) 1989, ratified in November 1990. Other Instruments, Pakistan has
signed yet not ratified, include; International Convention on the Suppression
and Punishment of The Crime of Apartheid 1973, signed in 1986, Optional
Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Child on the involvement of
Children in the Armed Conflict 2000, signed in 2001, Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities 2006, signed in 2008; for more details see,
www.ohchr.org.
[73] See the role of ILO; also see supra note
33;
[74] See e.g. the role of Functional
commissions on Narcotic Drugs & Crime prevention; see supra note 47.
[75] Ibid
[76] E.g.
[77] See supra note 71; also see the
corresponding implementing arrangements at home e.g. under CEDAW, the establishment
of Ministry of Women Development, National Gender Reforms Action Plan (GRAP),
Women centered legislation i.e. Criminal Law (Amendment) Act,2004 & 2009,
Women Protection .Act, 2010 etc. furthermore, 10% and 33% quota is reserved for
women in Central Superior Services and Legislative Assemblies respectively;
under CRC, Pakistan has undertaken unprecedented measures to ensure maximum
protection to the Children. The establishment of National Commission for Child
Welfare & Development (NCCWD) and its provincial counterparts,
establishment of National Child Protection Centre Islamabad and Turbat,
establishment of National Rehabilitation Centers for Child Labour and Juvenile
Justice System Ordinance 2000 and Article 25-A under 18th Amendment 2010. The major
challenges encountered by Children have from time to time been being redressed
by the Government of Pakistan, for instance, Health and Nutrition, Education,
Child Labour, Birth Registration, Domestic and Child Abuse, Juvenile Justice
System, Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation, girl child, Trafficking and
disabled children etc. see detailed fact sheet at
http://www.nccwd.gov.pk/iudex.php?opuon=com_content&view=article&id=78